I have to admit that the current explanation that is most commonly promoted for the expansion of the universe bothers me. At present, many physicists are suggesting that our universe will eventually suffer a "heat death" because of its accelerating expansion. They foresee a time in the future when the matter and energy of the universe becomes so spread out that galaxies will first become isolated from each other because the light from neighboring galaxies is receding from them faster than light can travel, and then eventually, all matter down to small particles will also become so spread out that the universe will have diminished to a state of no thermodynamic free energy and therefore can no longer sustain processes that increase entropy. Many theoretical physicists believe the universe will end in one of three ways: via the heat death I just mentioned; or by a "big crunch", where expansion is followed by contraction, which I subscribe to; or a "big rip" caused by runaway expansion where the universe is torn apart. In other words, most physicists believe that the universe will die someday, and that there will be nobody left to grieve for it. I totally reject this hypothesis because it flies in the face of everything I know about the universe and the "ways of nature".
This is what I believe happens inside a black hole. After the star collapses, the only thing that is left in our universe is a dark sphere with a surface called an event horizon, which is often luminous when it is feeding on new mass and energy.
The dark energy myth: energy in dark energy: ridiculously small: decimal point followed by 122 zeroes, and then a one, very close to zero, trillions and trillions and trillions and trillions of times smaller than expected. What gives? The density of dark energy, or the energy of the vacuum, has been found to be extremely weak, which has puzzled proponents of the theory that dark energy contains repulsive gravity which is responsible for driving the galaxies away from each other. Actually, dark energy has no repulsive gravity. It is not a force. It is the increase of space coming from the parent galaxy through a black hole which is causing our universe to expand.
Scientists studying the cosmic microwave background radiation have found that the value of lamda, or the density of dark energy has remained constant over the life of the Big Bang. Whether this will turn out to be true or not after further studies are made, I don't know, but one thing being overlooked is that space is not empty. It is something, and there is much more space in our universe now than there ever has been. Where did this space come from? Does dark energy increase in size on its own through its anti-gravitational force? Again, dark energy is not a force at all. Neither is normal or attractive gravity as Einstein proved through the General Theory of Relativity.When the galaxies recede from each other, there is MORE SPACE between them, and this space has the same density. Where is this space coming from? A logical conclusion is that there is more space because new space is steadily being pumped into our universe through the black hole in our parent galaxy.
parent and offspring universes or "branes": between the parent universe and its offspring, a permanent kind of "umbilical cord"or wormhole continues to connect them, with the parent universe continuing to feed its offspring with new space or dark energy. This link continues to exist until either the offspring universe collapses back upon itself when it isn't being "fed" any new space, or until the time its parent universe collapses back into the universe it came from (the grandparent universe, in a manner of speaking). All of the information about the the matter and energy which disappeared from the parent universe into the black hole still exists in two dimensions on the surface of its event horizon in bits of information which are encoded in planck units and spread across the horizon. The more matter and energy, or bits of information, that flow into the black whole across the event horizon, the larger the horizon grows. This process is the origin of the "holographic principle", an idea first introduced in the 1990's by my favorite physicist, Leonard Susskind from Stanford University. The holographic principle does not necessarily suggest that we are living in a hologram, although that is a possibility. See this excellent video with Professor Susskind to get a better explanation of the holographic principle and how it relates to black hole horizons and other spatial horizons. There is recent evidence that the universe is not expanding as quickly as was previously thought. The "standard candle" supernovae which astronomers use to measure this acceleration have been found to be less uniform than had been previously thought, and new measurements will have to be made. I have seen claims by physicists that "the vacuum energy density must be constant because there is nothing for it to depend on". How can you be sure of that? In my model, it is dependent on something else.
This is the first in a series of essays about three parallel symmetries of systems in the universe which I have observed and will describe. I do not use the word "symmetry" in the same sense that physics usually uses it. In physics, symmetry is a mathematical or intrinsic feature of a single system which remains unchanged when going through a transformation of some kind. I am applying the word "symmetry" here to different systems with some analogous features which undergo similar transformations.
This model helps to explain several qualities of the big bang, including: 1) the nature of the apparent repulsive gravitational quality of dark energy; 2) the reason for the dichotomy between the huge expansion of space in the early stages of the big bang followed by a much slower expansion; and 3) evidence that gravity might not be a fundamental force with its own elementary boson at all, but might be an emergent property of the tiny dimensions postulated by string theory.
Our present concept of gravity as a force is an illusion. What appears to be a negative or repulsive gravity in dark energy is just an increase in the amount of space between galaxies and other objects. Think of our universe and its bodies as if it is a lake that has lily pads on the surface. If you pump more water into the lake from an underground spring, the surface of the lake expands as the water spills over the banks of the shoreline. The lily pads move away from each other, but it is not because of any motion on their part. It's just the water between the lily pads that is expanding. In our universe, the amount of space is increasing because the black hole that created it is still feeding on material in our unseen parent universe. On the other hand, what appears to be positive gravity around large objects in our universe is just a condensation of the space around them. Very dense objects like black holes consume the nearby mass and energy around them, and they consume space too, because space is a substance itself, albeit a very rarified one. To a lesser degree, large objects like stars consume some of the space around them, so that the space in the universe is decreasing because of them. The reason two objects appear to be attracting each other is that they are actually shrinking the space between them by consuming or condensing the space. The reason our universe is currently expanding is that more space is entering our universe from its parent galaxy, via the wormhole created by a black hole in that parent galaxy, than is being absorbed by massive bodies. In the early universe, the reason the expansion was slower than now for a period of time after the initial bang, was that the very large objects like quasars were consuming much of the space around them then, so although there was still an influx of new space coming in through the wormhole or threshold, these large objects absorbed a greater percentage of the ambient space than our large objects do now. Someday, when the black hole in our parent universe stops feeding or becomes dormant, the space in our universe will start shrinking and our universe will start to contract.
An anti-gravity drive would have to increase the amount of space behind the vehicle it was propelling and decrease the amount of space in front of it for it to work properly.
In a black hole, the "inward" spatial direction disappears and is replaced by the time dimension. It is time that is flowing inward toward the singularity (which is really the threshold). Since you can't go backwards in time, you can't get out of the black hole. But why is time flowing inward toward the singularity? This is because time is now flowing toward the new universe that has passed through the threshold dimension. All matter and energy that enters the black hole will be crushed down to "space", which will enter the offspring universe and appear as "dark energy" there.
In string theory, gravitation is composed of closed strings which give space-time its curved shape, so in the quantum world, gravity is a feature of space.
More on dark energy and the idea of black holes giving birth to new universes.
The Big Bang: notice how quickly space expanded in the early stages of the universe, slowed down, and then starting expanding at an accelerated rate about 4-5 billion years ago
Nature is not wasteful, and the heat death concept would be a total waste of energy, space. and life. Everything we see in nature has a function which is complementary with other systems and holistic, usually involving cyclic processes such as seasons, food chains, orbits, etc. I believe in a type of cyclic universe, but not in the type shown below. For most physicists, the detection of gravity waves has eliminated this type of cyclic universe as a contender for "the real thing".
Cyclic universes: big bangs followed by big crunches
Beginnings, endings, and infinities:
The human brain has no problem understanding the beginnings and endings of systems because we see them happening all the time in events such as birth and death. We have a lot more trouble trying to understand how the universe could have no beginning or end. I believe that one reason for this is that we are "programmed entities". Computer programs are executed from a line 1 to an end line, from a beginning to an end, with various loops, delays, and input commands interspersed throughout the program. When our parents' sperm and egg cells united at birth, a program was executed through our DNA and RNA which caused us to grow and become who we are today, and I believe we all have scripts or programs that control or guide our behavior until we die, and perhaps even beyond death. When a person sees his whole life flash by in a near-death experience, he is seeing that program or script. I will explain more about this in another essay.
Neuroscientists are starting to offer evidence in behavioral experiments on humans that free will and the "self" are illusions created by the brain. Because we are programmed entities, we cannot intuitively fathom a universe that has no beginning, because programs, or code, always have a starting point. Someday we might create advanced artificial intelligence systems, or robots, which will evolve and understand more about the universe than we do. It's significant to note that many humans have fears about such future AI systems, while not considering that humans themselves might be carbon-based versions of these systems instead of silicon-based ones. I believe that our sense of time, or timing, is the result of our own software or inner coding. Several different parts of the brain have been found to contribute to this timing. Our own programs or code are just subroutines of larger programs, including the Big Program, the Laws of Physics. Taking this perspective, the moment "Now" could be viewed as an intersection of the current point of execution of all running codes, whether it is one person relating to another, or a astronomer studying the cosmos. "Now" is the intersection of the currently executed lines or points of all codes.
It is notable that many physicists believe that the future, like the past, already exists (please view this excellent video by Brian Greene about the nature of time and "now slices"). It is as if we are all, like Shakespeare said, actors on a stage, all performing our scripts:
Neuroscientists are starting to offer evidence in behavioral experiments on humans that free will and the "self" are illusions created by the brain. Because we are programmed entities, we cannot intuitively fathom a universe that has no beginning, because programs, or code, always have a starting point. Someday we might create advanced artificial intelligence systems, or robots, which will evolve and understand more about the universe than we do. It's significant to note that many humans have fears about such future AI systems, while not considering that humans themselves might be carbon-based versions of these systems instead of silicon-based ones. I believe that our sense of time, or timing, is the result of our own software or inner coding. Several different parts of the brain have been found to contribute to this timing. Our own programs or code are just subroutines of larger programs, including the Big Program, the Laws of Physics. Taking this perspective, the moment "Now" could be viewed as an intersection of the current point of execution of all running codes, whether it is one person relating to another, or a astronomer studying the cosmos. "Now" is the intersection of the currently executed lines or points of all codes.
It is notable that many physicists believe that the future, like the past, already exists (please view this excellent video by Brian Greene about the nature of time and "now slices"). It is as if we are all, like Shakespeare said, actors on a stage, all performing our scripts:
All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances...
Personally I don't believe this entirely. I believe that the future already exists, but that it wavers in the mist of quantum uncertainty, and can be changed with great effort. I do believe that we all have primary scripts, and that our future, because of these scripts, is pretty much predetermined unless we can extract ourselves from certain behavioral loops and belief systems and develop free will. I will discuss this later in a different essay.
Connecting the singularities:
A couple years ago I was watching an episode of "Through the Wormhole" with Morgan Freeman which explored black holes and the idea of multiverses or multiple universes. At one point Mr. Freeman said that a few physicists believed that black holes were the origins of new universes and a flash went off in my brain. How obvious, I thought; you just unite the two so-called "singularities" where the laws of physics break down, the point where the Big Bang began and the infinitely small point inside the black hole, and Voila! Both disappear and become a point of transition between a parent universe and an offspring universe!
When a massive star has burned up most of its fuel and only has the element iron left to fuse into new energy, it now takes more energy to fuse this element than can be produced, so fusion is halted and the star starts to collapse under its own weight. As the core starts to collapse, the outer layers of the star rebound off the core and explode into a brilliant supernova, while the core keeps shrinking. It eventually collapses down to a neutron star, which is often called a "stellar corpse", but if its mass is greater than 3 solar masses at that point, it will keep collapsing until it becomes a black hole. Watch this superb video from the World Science Festival for more information about black holes and the holographic principle.
Inside the Black Hole:A couple years ago I was watching an episode of "Through the Wormhole" with Morgan Freeman which explored black holes and the idea of multiverses or multiple universes. At one point Mr. Freeman said that a few physicists believed that black holes were the origins of new universes and a flash went off in my brain. How obvious, I thought; you just unite the two so-called "singularities" where the laws of physics break down, the point where the Big Bang began and the infinitely small point inside the black hole, and Voila! Both disappear and become a point of transition between a parent universe and an offspring universe!
When a massive star has burned up most of its fuel and only has the element iron left to fuse into new energy, it now takes more energy to fuse this element than can be produced, so fusion is halted and the star starts to collapse under its own weight. As the core starts to collapse, the outer layers of the star rebound off the core and explode into a brilliant supernova, while the core keeps shrinking. It eventually collapses down to a neutron star, which is often called a "stellar corpse", but if its mass is greater than 3 solar masses at that point, it will keep collapsing until it becomes a black hole. Watch this superb video from the World Science Festival for more information about black holes and the holographic principle.
Artist's conceptualization of a Black Hole
This is what I believe happens inside a black hole. After the star collapses, the only thing that is left in our universe is a dark sphere with a surface called an event horizon, which is often luminous when it is feeding on new mass and energy.
The dark energy myth: energy in dark energy: ridiculously small: decimal point followed by 122 zeroes, and then a one, very close to zero, trillions and trillions and trillions and trillions of times smaller than expected. What gives? The density of dark energy, or the energy of the vacuum, has been found to be extremely weak, which has puzzled proponents of the theory that dark energy contains repulsive gravity which is responsible for driving the galaxies away from each other. Actually, dark energy has no repulsive gravity. It is not a force. It is the increase of space coming from the parent galaxy through a black hole which is causing our universe to expand.
Scientists studying the cosmic microwave background radiation have found that the value of lamda, or the density of dark energy has remained constant over the life of the Big Bang. Whether this will turn out to be true or not after further studies are made, I don't know, but one thing being overlooked is that space is not empty. It is something, and there is much more space in our universe now than there ever has been. Where did this space come from? Does dark energy increase in size on its own through its anti-gravitational force? Again, dark energy is not a force at all. Neither is normal or attractive gravity as Einstein proved through the General Theory of Relativity.When the galaxies recede from each other, there is MORE SPACE between them, and this space has the same density. Where is this space coming from? A logical conclusion is that there is more space because new space is steadily being pumped into our universe through the black hole in our parent galaxy.
parent and offspring universes or "branes": between the parent universe and its offspring, a permanent kind of "umbilical cord"or wormhole continues to connect them, with the parent universe continuing to feed its offspring with new space or dark energy. This link continues to exist until either the offspring universe collapses back upon itself when it isn't being "fed" any new space, or until the time its parent universe collapses back into the universe it came from (the grandparent universe, in a manner of speaking). All of the information about the the matter and energy which disappeared from the parent universe into the black hole still exists in two dimensions on the surface of its event horizon in bits of information which are encoded in planck units and spread across the horizon. The more matter and energy, or bits of information, that flow into the black whole across the event horizon, the larger the horizon grows. This process is the origin of the "holographic principle", an idea first introduced in the 1990's by my favorite physicist, Leonard Susskind from Stanford University. The holographic principle does not necessarily suggest that we are living in a hologram, although that is a possibility. See this excellent video with Professor Susskind to get a better explanation of the holographic principle and how it relates to black hole horizons and other spatial horizons. There is recent evidence that the universe is not expanding as quickly as was previously thought. The "standard candle" supernovae which astronomers use to measure this acceleration have been found to be less uniform than had been previously thought, and new measurements will have to be made. I have seen claims by physicists that "the vacuum energy density must be constant because there is nothing for it to depend on". How can you be sure of that? In my model, it is dependent on something else.
This is the first in a series of essays about three parallel symmetries of systems in the universe which I have observed and will describe. I do not use the word "symmetry" in the same sense that physics usually uses it. In physics, symmetry is a mathematical or intrinsic feature of a single system which remains unchanged when going through a transformation of some kind. I am applying the word "symmetry" here to different systems with some analogous features which undergo similar transformations.
This model helps to explain several qualities of the big bang, including: 1) the nature of the apparent repulsive gravitational quality of dark energy; 2) the reason for the dichotomy between the huge expansion of space in the early stages of the big bang followed by a much slower expansion; and 3) evidence that gravity might not be a fundamental force with its own elementary boson at all, but might be an emergent property of the tiny dimensions postulated by string theory.
Our present concept of gravity as a force is an illusion. What appears to be a negative or repulsive gravity in dark energy is just an increase in the amount of space between galaxies and other objects. Think of our universe and its bodies as if it is a lake that has lily pads on the surface. If you pump more water into the lake from an underground spring, the surface of the lake expands as the water spills over the banks of the shoreline. The lily pads move away from each other, but it is not because of any motion on their part. It's just the water between the lily pads that is expanding. In our universe, the amount of space is increasing because the black hole that created it is still feeding on material in our unseen parent universe. On the other hand, what appears to be positive gravity around large objects in our universe is just a condensation of the space around them. Very dense objects like black holes consume the nearby mass and energy around them, and they consume space too, because space is a substance itself, albeit a very rarified one. To a lesser degree, large objects like stars consume some of the space around them, so that the space in the universe is decreasing because of them. The reason two objects appear to be attracting each other is that they are actually shrinking the space between them by consuming or condensing the space. The reason our universe is currently expanding is that more space is entering our universe from its parent galaxy, via the wormhole created by a black hole in that parent galaxy, than is being absorbed by massive bodies. In the early universe, the reason the expansion was slower than now for a period of time after the initial bang, was that the very large objects like quasars were consuming much of the space around them then, so although there was still an influx of new space coming in through the wormhole or threshold, these large objects absorbed a greater percentage of the ambient space than our large objects do now. Someday, when the black hole in our parent universe stops feeding or becomes dormant, the space in our universe will start shrinking and our universe will start to contract.
An anti-gravity drive would have to increase the amount of space behind the vehicle it was propelling and decrease the amount of space in front of it for it to work properly.
In a black hole, the "inward" spatial direction disappears and is replaced by the time dimension. It is time that is flowing inward toward the singularity (which is really the threshold). Since you can't go backwards in time, you can't get out of the black hole. But why is time flowing inward toward the singularity? This is because time is now flowing toward the new universe that has passed through the threshold dimension. All matter and energy that enters the black hole will be crushed down to "space", which will enter the offspring universe and appear as "dark energy" there.
In string theory, gravitation is composed of closed strings which give space-time its curved shape, so in the quantum world, gravity is a feature of space.
More on dark energy and the idea of black holes giving birth to new universes.
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